Cosmos: Anti-Us....Anti-Matter

yeah yeah...i know you know about antimatter, after watching Angels and Demons you might know a thing or two about anti mater,
but do you really know what is anti matter?
ok its called the god particle blah blah...etc etc
but what it is exactly...why we are so very afraid of it?
well to start with it.its anti us..anti you..........anti me...........anti us

it was given attention first in 1880's . somebody like me was relaxing and he had nothing to do, and a thought was troubling him that everything has opposites...north-south, east-west, black-white, good-bad...and so on...but if looked closely..they were all made of one and the same thing....
thing
this kept intriguing him, thing means matter.....is there a thing with is opposite of matter...hence called antimatter.
so he proposed and all, until it was established that yes there might be a thing called antimatter, then in 1928 Paul Dirac when studied Schrödinger wave equation which incidentally suggested that there is possibility of antimatter being existent after all.

this was story so far...nope..there's more..
it was thought by that time that scientist were trying to make science god by making this thing called anti matter and the Catholics will loose faith, hence it was really tried to suppress, but not on large scale because they were too late for that..
if we look deeper into thing antimatter, it is the smallest part of any thing
for knowing antimatter...fist one must understand matter and atom
take a cube of cheese, cut in half, take the half, cut half again, now you have 1/4th cut that 14th into 1/2 again..do till you have such small part that you cannot possibly divide and cut it into half...that is atom
practically you cannot do that with your kitchen knife
but theoretically you will get atom, atom is the base of matter...
if we go inside atom, we have electrons, protons, and neutrons
electrons- negatively charged particles
protons-positively charged particle
neutrons-no charge
these are the basic things everything on earth has....every matter

so antimatter must be which doesn't have all these?

we don't know yet, we don't know that what it is made off, what is in it?
but what we knew is that, is is anti matter...one which destroys matter,
we know that even a speck of antimatter can destroy and create such a destruction that no human have ever witnessed it
when atom bomb was discovered, people feared it, when nuclear bomb was discovered, people feared it again, and now antimatter is on verge of being discovered, people are making it
im not against making it, but why not know the process of destroying it?
anyway..im supposed to count chickens before they hatch....so
lets look at egg.....antimatter
its reality that when a speck of antimatter comes in contact of anything(matter) it will surely release huge-vast amount of energy..which as shown in Angels and Demons was exactly what would happen.
a small speck would release so much energy which would be equal to many megatons of TNT and many time bigger than nuclear bombs

to be exact one gram of antimatter will be almost equal to 0.042960000000000005 megatons of destructive force
A megaton is a unit of energy approximately equivalent to the energy released
in the detonation of 1,000,000 tons of TNT. Used to specify the energy output, and hence
destructive power, of nuclear weapons.
and to give you an idea about the destructive power of various thing..take a look at table below then decide :)

Seymour Narrows, British Columbia 1958. 1,375 tons of chemical explosives.	1.375 kilotons
Little Boy, the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945.	13 kilotons.
Fat man, the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945.	20 kilotons.
The Tanguska / Tunguska Event (spelling is in dispute), suspected comet impact in Tanguska, Russia on June 30, 1908.	10 megatons
The Bravo test, one of the Bikini Atoll bomb tests. February 1954, was, at 15 megatons, the most powerful bomb ever detonated by the United States--far bigger than expected.	15 megatons
One pound of antimatter	19.5 megatons
Mount St. Helens May 18, 1980.	24 megatons
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 UTC. An undersea earthquake with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The earthquake generated a tsunami that is considered one of the deadliest natural disasters in history.	26.3 megatons
Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated 11:32 AM 30 October 1961 (Moscow Time) Such a device could be souped up to deliver a 100 megaton blast.	50 megatons
The third 1883 eruption of Krakatoa	150 megatons
Hurricane Katrina hitting the Gulf Coast. At full power, a hurricane like Katrina releases 10 megatons every 20 minutes.	300 megatons
World War III, computed as the simultaneous explosion of all known nuclear devices (about 15,000 today).	10,000 megatons
"Dinosaur Killer" Impact of 10-15 km asteroid traveling at 20 kilometers per second.	100,000,000 megatons or 10^8 megatons
A supernova, an explosion powerful enough to destroy a solar system.	one billion billion billion megatons or 10^27 megatons

so now you see how destructive is antimatter.......any doubts?

Cosmos -Mysterious Black holes

welcome back if you are here again, and hello if you are first time
for the first times, i hope you know what is black hole
because to know the mystery of black hole, you have to actually know what is exactly black hole.

to put in simple and pure words, black is nothing but a very densely packed mass of gasses and dust, which has so high magnetic field that nothing can escape it, not even light, well, when you read this line, i am making an understatement.
you should get this in your head very loud and clear that even light cannot escape from black hole.
think about it, isnt this like some amazing fairy tale?
well if you get that kind of feeling right now, i would like to welcome you to the universe
welcome to the world since you have taken some time out of your busy schedule :)

in last few post, i mentioned how black holes are formed, to brush that a little, lets revise it point wise
black holes are formed because
1:heavy initial mass of star
2:burning out of fuel
3:supernova
4:compression due to gravity to extreme condition

so these factor determine or tell the story of formation of a black hole
a black can be termed as goon of our universe, like some gangster on loose...who will destroy everything that comes in its way.
and goons are always bad.
what makes them bad? why are they bad? they destroy things that's why?
no thats not the only one reason, but sure its one of the major reason
black holes are, as i earlier said,mass of highly packed gas and dust, today i would like to refine my statement, which would remind you that it is actually a dead star
black holes is mass of highly packed debris of dead star. sounds spooky to me :P
anyway, its actually debris of whats left from star when it die, how?
well see this, a star massive in size, so powerful that it liberates the same of amount of energy in one second as sun take a year to give. and that all, a star which is tens and thousand times bigger than sun itself, just guess the size, what would be like to stay in a solar system with such star and have it as sun, better be the ninth planet for it :P

when star run out of fuel, it extinguishes, what left is lithium or carbon or any higher atmoic number bearing metal in periodic table
for e.g lets assume that its made of carbon
okay, so here we have so much carbon that its ball was many times bigger than sun, suddenly after its off, the whole mass is concentrated not bigger than the sun,in fact many times smaller than sun.
such is the density, such is the compactness, such is the gravity inside.
and this dudes, is the real culprit.
this gravity due to the awesome mass collapsed, is so strong that it simply devourers anything that might be in its way and still be hungry for more. till date never anyone has seen a black hole dying, we have just seen them eating, gobbling up planets-suns-stars-and even galaxies
dont be surprised, there is more to add to this.
have you seen carefully to a glass of water when you stir it with spoon?
what happens?
a vortex is created, right
well imagine something like that big rotating at very high speed, what will be size of vortex
but wait here, aint i wrong about vortex, here on earth when you stir water, you are actually stiring the whole medium, and in space there is no medium, so how can a vortex be there?
when a black hole is revolving it too creates a vortex and the vortex are at its poles, the poles on which it is spinning
this vortex is made up of dust and gas which black hole once devoured, x-rays, u-v's, radio waves and cosmic waves
and believe it or not, these vortex are so long, sometimes even span through and through a galaxy

these vortex are so large and powerful that they can even destroy a galaxy from light years of distance
but these are less destructive from the hunger and striving of the black hole. its mass keeps increasing and hence gravity
nothing can ever come out of it. on earth we know that speed of light is so very fast, plus its not made of particle so we cant make a device which can bend light except change the medium, not by attraction
if ever we created it, it will first destroy our planet by attracting everything, including the hot-molten-iron-lava inside, and turning whole planet upside down, well we will talk about it later, light, focus on light.
bottom line we cannot bend light by attraction, but black holes can, there force of gravity is such that it not only bends light but even absorbs it all the way.
your next question must be that, if they dont have there own light (as then name suggest-black) and they dont reflect light visible to our eyes, then how the hell are they detected at first place.
black holes are not pinned at one place, they move, and we humans have a big keen eye up there called Hubble telescope, it keeps 24X7, 365days its eyes looking for changes, when astronomers find that there was a no stars visible in that area and after few years suddenly becomes visible, they match years of photographs and then after there finding they declare that there might be/is a black hole there, destroying things.
such are black holes detected in space.

but i too am still wondering about a fact,
we know that light is energy, infact every thing in this universe is energy as per Einstein energy and mass are inter-convertible, so where is this energy going.....is it being converted into mass, if yes, what kind of mass is that?
what metal/non metal it converts itself?
what will happen when the mass increases like anything and it again becomes very big o initial size but huge mass.
my question is only, 'then what?'

we dont know yet, if you think you know, tell me as well,
why we dont know because our time frame is much smaller than that of stars, like we see moths, they are born and die on same day, there lifepsan is of 24hrs, but from there perspective they are born, become adult, mate and give eggs, and then die, for then we, humans are like those stars to us,, eternal-immovable-dormant-mysterious etc etc
so we have to wait for years, maybe decades, maybe centuries to get an answer of what might be happening to black holes...........

what might happen?

Cosmos - life of a star

last time we discussed about birth of star, now im gonna tell something about there life
unlike us, they live million and billions of year, such is there supply of fuel.
such is the big universe and such abundant is hydrogen there that its like almost non-exhaustive
now since the fuel is so much available, that...what the heck should i say about it more...
also the fuel is so much that all stars dont have same mass
if we take sun as scale, the standard, some are smaller than sun, and some are big, bigger, massive than sun
many many times that of sun
this mass alone decides the fate of stars, its already written when the stars have gain there mass that what will happen to them and how will they die....
yes, stars die too.

lets consider stars with mass less than sun
the stars who have mass less than sun, aren't much event full, they are like under average guy in your class.
they do almost nothing..
actually there mass is less so there gravitational force is also less than average, which fails to hold gas and dust together. resulting....fusion doesn't takes place so loudly and drastically as in other stars
so it glows lightly..little by little..slowly
and glows with white light, revolving slowly.....its awesome sight for anybody, even soothing, to see this star
it is called white dwarf
it remains as it is. simple, glowing thing, suspend in nothingness of space,
but you might as me, what happens when it runs out of fuel?
well then it stops glowing firstly then once fire is out, gravity comes in,
it shrinks ans shrinks, to such a point where the star becomes very unstable
war rages throughout the star
a war between gravity and fire...gravity pressurizes star to such extent that temperature again stars to rise, and then
one fine day......temperature reaches to such high point that it simply booms out.
it shatters, bursts up, blows up in pieces
leaving behind nothing but ashes and residue of what left helium (hydrogen fuses to form helium)
it isn't spectacular as what happens to massive stars

imagine a star10-20 time size of sun
such are objects up there in sky
what happen to these is bit similar to smaller stars at starting, but later, they glow like anything
the amount of energy sun gives us in one year there might be a star so massive which will give that kind of energy in one sec.
but fuel is abundant but not unlimited, someday there fuel goes out as well

then what happens is not less than what happens in some Hollywood sci-fi movies

first it gets extinguished due to lack of fuel, then stars to contract, pressure increases.
then something strange happens....
its outer shell starts expanding, which mostly contains hydrogen and it still has fire in it,
slowly and slowly the outer shell expands, engulfing the nearby planets and there satellites.
its a prefect villain any solar system might want to have. the ever expanding outer shell containing hydrogen which is burning like residual fuel. slowly and engulfing other plants.
but this was the story of outer shell, what about the inner stuff.......
well the inner stuff which is again some left hydrogen and converted helium, stars to compress, due to excessive mass and gravity it compress quickly, and temperature rises as well, which in turn ignites the helium again, and it starts to glow with white light...
and soon due to so high temperature, it runs out of fuel(helium), then what,
then helium which has been converted to lithium will burn, this will continue till..there is balance between mass and fuel
but this is not the end
bigger stars i.e these stars have there fate written to be something else...
these stars collapse and crushes itself with there own gravity, so tightly so highly packed.
imagine sun packed in your palm, such high is the density of it.
these are called Black Holes

black hole are such things, they have such high gravity that even light cannot escape.
you might question me, if light doesn't escape from black hole how the heck did one find then,
simple answer to this is that look for a spot where you cant see nothing but find something missing there..like in below pictures.....on of it shows a black hole feasting on a nearby star.

to be continued